FreeCAD is a multiplatfom (Windows, Mac and Linux), highly customizable and extensible software. It reads and writes to many open file formats such as STEP, IGES, STL, SVG, DXF, OBJ, IFC, DAE and many others, making it possible to seamlessly integrate it into your workflow. Designed for your needs.
- Sweet Home 3D is a leading free and open-source architecture software that is available in English, French, and 25 other languages. You can select the language displayed in the user interface of this software. You can run this program on Windows, Mac OS x 10.4 to 10.14, Solaris and Linux.
- Jun 15, 2020 QCAD is a free, open source application for computer aided drafting (CAD) in two dimensions (2D). With QCAD you can create technical drawings such as plans for buildings, interiors, mechanical parts or schematics and diagrams. QCAD works on Windows, macOS and Linux.
- May 21, 2020 FreeCAD is a free open source 3D modeler, which is especially good for reverse engineering models and seeing how changing parameters.
OS X provides many benefits to the Macintoshuser and developer communities. These benefits include improvedreliability and performance, enhanced networking features, an object-basedsystem programming interface, and increased support for industrystandards.
In creating OS X, Apple has completely re-engineered theMac OS core operating system. Forming the foundation of OS Xis the kernel. Figure 3-1 illustrates the OS X architecture.
The kernel provides many enhancements for OS X. Theseinclude preemption, memory protection,enhanced performance, improved networking facilities, support for bothMacintosh (Extended and Standard) and non-Macintosh (UFS, ISO 9660,and so on) file systems, object-oriented APIs, and more. Two ofthese features, preemption and memory protection, lead to a morerobust environment.
In Mac OS 9, applications cooperate to share processor time.Similarly, all applications share the memory of the computer amongthem. Mac OS 9 is a cooperative multitasking environment.The responsiveness of all processes is compromised if even a single applicationdoesn’t cooperate. On the other hand, real-time applications suchas multimedia need to be assured of predictable, time-critical,behavior.
In contrast, OS X is a preemptive multitasking environment.In OS X, the kernel provides enforcement of cooperation, schedulingprocesses to share time (preemption). This supports real-time behaviorin applications that require it.
In OS X, processes do not normally share memory. Instead,the kernel assigns each process its own addressspace, controlling access to these address spaces. Thiscontrol ensures that no application can inadvertently access ormodify another application’s memory (protection). Size is notan issue; with the virtual memory system included in OS X, eachapplication has access to its own 4 GB address space.
Viewed together, all applications are said to run in userspace, but this does not imply that they share memory. User spaceis simply a term for the combined address spaces of all user-levelapplications. The kernel itself has its own address space, calledkernel space. In OS X, no application can directly modify thememory of the system software (the kernel).
Although user processes do not share memory by default asin Mac OS 9, communication (and even memory sharing) between applicationsis still possible. For example, the kernel offers a rich set ofprimitives to permit some sharing of information among processes. Theseprimitives include shared libraries, frameworks, and POSIX sharedmemory. Mach messaging provides another approach, handing memoryfrom one process to another. Unlike Mac OS 9, however, memory sharingcannot occur without explicit action by the programmer.
Darwin
The OS X kernel is an Open Source project.The kernel, along with other core parts of OS X are collectivelyreferred to as Darwin. Darwin is a complete operatingsystem based on many of the same technologies that underlie OS X. However, Darwin does not include Apple’s proprietary graphicsor applications layers, such as Quartz, QuickTime, Cocoa, Carbon,or OpenGL.
Figure 3-2 shows the relationship between Darwin and OS X. Both build upon the same kernel, but OS X adds Core Services,Application Services and QuickTime, as well as the Classic, Carbon, Cocoa,and Java (JDK) application environments. Both Darwin and OS X include the BSD command-line application environment; however,in OS X, use of environment is not required, and thus it ishidden from the user unless they choose to access it.
Darwin technology is based on BSD, Mach3.0, and Apple technologies. Best of all, Darwin technology is OpenSource technology, which means that developers have full accessto the source code. In effect, OS X third-party developers canbe part of the Darwin core system software development team. Developerscan also see how Apple is doing things in the core operating systemand adopt (or adapt) code to use within their own products. Referto the Apple Public Source License (APSL) fordetails.
Because the same software forms the core of both OS Xand Darwin, developers can create low-level software that runs onboth OS X and Darwin with few, if any, changes. The only differenceis likely to be in the way the software interacts with the applicationenvironment.
Darwin is based on proven technology from many sources. Alarge portion of this technology is derived from FreeBSD, a versionof 4.4BSD that offers advanced networking, performance, security,and compatibility features. Other parts of the system software,such as Mach, are based on technology previously used in Apple’sMkLinux project, in OS X Server, and in technology acquiredfrom NeXT. Much of the code is platform-independent. All of thecore operating-system code is available in source form.
The core technologies have been chosen for several reasons.Mach provides a clean set of abstractions for dealing with memorymanagement, interprocess (and interprocessor) communication (IPC),and other low-level operating-system functions. In today’s rapidly changinghardware environment, this provides a useful layer of insulationbetween the operating system and the underlying hardware.
BSD is a carefully engineered, mature operating system withmany capabilities. In fact, most of today’s commercial UNIX andUNIX-like operating systems contain a great deal of BSD code. BSDalso provides a set of industry-standard APIs.
New technologies, such as the I/O Kit and Network Kernel Extensions(NKEs), have been designed and engineered by Apple to take advantageof advanced capabilities, such as those provided by an object-orientedprogramming model. OS X combines these new technologies withtime-tested industry standards to create an operating system thatis stable, reliable, flexible, and extensible.
Architecture
Best Architecture Software For Mac
The foundation layer of Darwin and OS X is composed ofseveral architectural components, as shown in Figure 3-3. Taken together, thesecomponents form the kernel environment.
Important: Note that OS X uses the term kernel somewhatdifferently than you might expect.
“A kernel, in traditional operating-system terminology,is a small nucleus of software that provides only the minimal facilitiesnecessary for implementing additional operating-system services.”— from The Design and Implementation of the 4.4 BSDOperating System, McKusick, Bostic, Karels, and Quarterman,1996.
Similarly, in traditional Mach-based operating systems, thekernel refers to the Mach microkernel and ignores additional low-levelcode without which Mach does very little.
In OS X, however, the kernel environment contains muchmore than the Mach kernel itself. The OS X kernel environmentincludes the Mach kernel, BSD, the I/O Kit, file systems, and networkingcomponents. These are often referred to collectively as the kernel.Each of these components is described briefly in the following sections.For further details, refer to the specific component chapters orto the reference material listed in the bibliography.
Because OS X contains three basic components (Mach, BSD,and the I/O Kit), there are also frequently as many as three APIsfor certain key operations. In general, the API chosen should matchthe part of the kernel where it is being used, which in turn isdictated by what your code is attempting to do. The remainder ofthis chapter describes Mach, BSD, and the I/O Kit and outlines thefunctionality that is provided by those components.
Mach
Mach manages processor resources such as CPU usage and memory,handles scheduling, provides memory protection, and provides a messaging-centeredinfrastructure to the rest of the operating-system layers. The Machcomponent provides
- untyped interprocesscommunication (IPC)
- remote procedure calls (RPC)
- scheduler support for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
- support for real-time services
- virtual memory support
- support for pagers
- modular architecture
General information about Mach may be found in the chapter Mach Overview. Informationabout scheduling can be found in the chapter Mach Scheduling and Thread Interfaces.Information about the VM system can be found in Memory and Virtual Memory.
BSD
Above the Mach layer, the BSD layer provides “OS personality”APIs and services. The BSD layer is based on the BSD kernel, primarily FreeBSD.The BSD component provides
- file systems
- networking (except for the hardware device level)
- UNIX security model
syscall
support- the BSD process model, including process IDs and signals
- FreeBSD kernel APIs
- many of the POSIX APIs
- kernel support for pthreads (POSIX threads)
The BSD component is described in more detail in the chapter BSD Overview.
Networking
OS X networking takes advantage of BSD’s advanced networkingcapabilities to provide support for modern features, such as NetworkAddress Translation (NAT) and firewalls.The networking component provides
- 4.4BSD TCP/IPstack and socket APIs
- support for both IP and DDP (AppleTalk transport)
- multihoming
- routing
- multicast support
- server tuning
- packet filtering
- Mac OS Classic support (through filters)
More information about networking may be found in the chapter Network Architecture.
File Systems
OS X provides support for numerous types of file systems,including HFS, HFS+, UFS, NFS, ISO9660, and others. The default file-system type is HFS+;OS X boots (and “roots”) from HFS+, UFS, ISO, NFS, and UDF.Advanced features of OS X file systems include an enhanced VirtualFile System (VFS) design. VFS provides for alayered architecture (file systems are stackable).The file system component provides
- UTF-8 (Unicode)support
- increased performance over previous versions of Mac OS.
Open Source Architecture Software Mac 2017
More information may be found in the chapter File Systems Overview.
I/O Kit
The I/O Kit provides a framework for simplified driver development,supporting many categories of devices.The I/O Kit features an object-orientedI/O architecture implemented in a restricted subset of C++. TheI/O Kit framework is both modular and extensible. The I/O Kit componentprovides
- true plugand play
- dynamic device management
- dynamic (“on-demand”) loading of drivers
- power management for desktop systems as well as portables
- multiprocessor capabilities
Open Source Architecture Software Mac Free
The I/O Kit is described in greater detail in the chapter I/O Kit Overview.
Kernel Extensions
OS X provides a kernel extension mechanism as a meansof allowing dynamic loading of pieces of code into kernel space,without the need to recompile. These pieces of code are known genericallyas plug-ins or, in the OS X kernel environment,as kernel extensions or KEXTs.
Because KEXTs provide both modularity and dynamic loadability,they are a natural choice for any relatively self-contained servicethat requires access to interfaces that are not exported to userspace. Many of the components of the kernel environment supportthis extension mechanism, though they do so in different ways.
For example, some of the new networking features involve theuse of network kernel extensions (NKEs). Theseare discussed in the chapter Network Architecture.
The ability to dynamically add a new file-system implementationis based on VFS KEXTs. Device drivers and device families in theI/O Kit are implemented using KEXTs. KEXTs make development mucheasier for developers writing drivers or those writing code to supporta new volume format or networking protocol. KEXTs are discussedin more detail in the chapter Kernel Extension Overview.
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(Redirected from Opensource Architecture)
Open-source architecture (OSArc) is an emerging paradigm that advocates new procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within a universal infrastructure. Drawing from references as diverse as open-source culture, modular design, avant-gardearchitectural theory, science fiction, language theory, and neuro-surgery, it adopts an inclusive approach as per spatial design towards a collaborative use of design and design tools by professionals and ordinary citizen users. The umbrella term citizen-centered design harnesses the notion of open-source architecture, which in itself involves the non-building architecture of computer networks, and goes beyond it to the movement that encompass the building design professions, as a whole.
History[edit]
Citizen-centered design was spearheaded in 1999 by academic research in leading universities, such as the University of Texas (SUPA)[1] and professional practice organizations, such as the Earthnomad Foundation[2] and ARK Tectonics,[3] to position the citizen-centered design movement at the intersection of design and public policy. In the decades that followed, the movement grew to encompass various efforts around the globe, from organizations and collaborations to community design centers sponsored by academic institutions. The principles of the citizen-centered design movement and by extension, open-source architecture, were built on the body of knowledge accumulated since the 1960s on citizen participation research and practices.
Around the turn of the century, citizen engagement research and practices were reformulated through the lens of more effective approaches and paradigms in the social and applied sciences, through the seminal work of Dr. Schaban-Maurer (2013), architect, urban planner and author of the deliberative design and phronetic engagement resource 'Rise of the Citizen Practitioner'[4] Dr. Schaban-Maurer laid out the principles and precepts of his 'Life-Experience Narrative Exchange' methodology in the Mindful Policy Engagement field, which he founded in 2013, with the ground-breaking work 'The Roles of the Citizen Practitioner in Citizen Engagement for Architecture, Urban Design and Urban Planning Policy: A Phronesis-Based Approach'[5] The work provides rigorous theoretical basis for a body of best case studies and best practices of citizen-centered architecture, urban design and urban planning, as well as, urban and public policy. According to Dr. Schaban-Maurer, the (LENE) methodology leads to meaningful and effective design practices by integrating their processes with the principles of Phronetic Engagement and Mindful Policy into a new field of inquiry; 'Mindful Policy Engagement.' (Schaban-Maurer, 2013: 11)[5]
Since then, open-source architecture practitioners and academics have increased the reach and influence of the citizen-centered design movement to other fields through inter-disciplinary collaborations, publications, conferences, and international exhibitions. In the last decade, open-source architecture, the mindful policy engagement field and the citizen-centered design movement have spawned smaller, derivative subsets of various names, most prominent of which is 'social impact design', 'public interest design' and the 'open architecture network' whose adherents combine design practice with social service. These early efforts, decades ago, are being propelled forward by new sensibilities through the continued commitment of architects, urban designers, planners, policy-makers and other stakeholders to engage and harness the knowledge of ordinary citizens in the design, development and implementation of urban policies, for projects that impact the very communities where we all live and work.
Cooking is often hailed as an early form of open source; vernacular architecture – producing recipes for everyday buildings – is another form of early lo-fi open-source culture, openly sharing and optimising technologies for building.
![Software Software](/uploads/1/2/6/4/126441286/822283098.png)
Funding[edit]
New economic models, exemplified by incremental microdonations and crowd-funding strategies like Sponsume and Kickstarter, offer new modes of project initiation and development, destabilising the traditionally feudal hierarchy of client/architect/occupant. Financing of private projects increasingly moves to the public domain, offering mass rather than singular ownership, whereas funding of public projects can be derived from more flexible, responsive frameworks than simple levies or taxation. Open-source architecture should have particular appeal for builders entirely outside the mainstream economy, such as squatters, refugees and the military.
Engagement[edit]
Open-source architecture relies upon amateurs as much as experienced professionals, the 'genius of the mass' as much as that of the individual,[5] eroding the binary distinction between author and audience. Like social software, it recognises the core role of multiple users at every stage of the project – whether as clients or communities, designers or occupants; at its best, it harnesses powerful network effects to scale systems effectively. It is typically democratic, enshrining principles of open access and participation, though political variations range from stealth authoritarianism to communitarian consensualism.
Traditional developments require engagement programmes in which the 'community' is 'consulted' with respect to incoming developments, often with blunt tools such as focus groups, which often result in lack of representation and input, or at worst can result in NIMBYism. With crowd-funded models, forms of engagement are built into the process, enabling a kind of emergent urbanism, in which use of space is optimised on terms set by its users. This reclamation of people's power can be seen as a soft, spatial version of Hacktivism. Open-source architecture is likely to suffer some of the organizational drawbacks of open-source software, such as forking of projects, abandoned projects, the emergence of cliques and incompatibility with the installed base of buildings. Organized campaigns of fear, uncertainty and doubt are probable.
Standards[edit]
An important aspect of open-source architecture is the emergence of open standards of collaboration. The establishment of common, open, modular standards (such as the grid proposed by the OpenStructures project[6] addresses the problem of hardware compatibility and the interface between components, allowing collaborative efforts across networks in which everyone designs for everyone. The establishment of universal standards also encourages the growth of networks of non-monetary exchange (knowledge, parts, components, ideas) and remote collaboration.
Design[edit]
Mass customisation replaces standardisation as algorithms enable the generation of related but differentiated species of design objects. Parametric design tools like Grasshopper 3D, GenerativeComponents, Revit and Digital Project enable new user groups to interact with, navigate and modify the virtual designs, and to test and experience arrays of options at unprecedented low cost – recognizing laypeople as design decision making agents rather than just consumers. Open-source codes and scripts enable design communities to share and compare information and to collectively optimise production through modular components, accelerating the historical accumulation of shared knowledge. BIM (Building Information Modelling) and related collaboration tools and practices enable cross-disciplinary co-location of design information and integration of a range of platforms and timescales. Rapid prototyping and other 3D printing technologies enable instant production of physical artefacts, both representational and functional, even at an architectural scale, to an ever-wider audience.
There are severe criticisms of the use of currently popular design software, however, because of the impossibility of future residents and users to access them. P2P Urbanism promotes low-tech design solutions that collect traditionally-derived design knowledge and makes it available on an open-source web platform. This focus instead promotes traditional local materials and building techniques in vernacular architecture and is entirely distinct from that of the virtual design groups focusing upon the extremely expensive parametric design. The proponents of P2P Urbanism also philosophically oppose what they see as 'fashionable' design approaches because of a link to unsustainable products, strong commercial interests, and total control by only a few participants—which is the opposite of opening up design to the whole population. In their view the point of open-source design should be to facilitate users designing and building their own dwellings, not to continue promoting a design elite that includes current starchitects.
Construction[edit]
The burgeoning open-source hardware movement enables sharing of and collaboration on the hardware involved in designing kinetic or smart environments that tightly integrate software, hardware, and mechanisms. Through these various tools, informed by sensor data, design becomes an ongoing, evolutionary process, as opposed to the one-off, disjointed fire-and-forget method of traditional design. This is an acknowledgement of the fact that design has always been an unending process, as well as a collaboration between users and designers. Operating systems for the design, construction and occupancy phases become possible, created as open platforms stimulating a rich ecosystem of 'apps'. Various practices jostle to become the Linux of architectural software, engaging in 'platform plays' at different scales rather than delivery of plans and sections. Embedded sensing and computing increasingly mesh all materials within the larger 'Internet of things', evolving ever closer towards Bruce Sterling's vision of a world of Spimes. Materials communicate their position and state during fabrication and construction, aiding positioning, fixing and verification, and continue to communicate with distributed databases for the extent of their lifetime.
Occupancy[edit]
Today's OSArc enables inhabitants to control and shape their personal environment – “to Inhabit is to Design”, as John Habraken put it. This aspect is enhanced by today's fully sentient networked spaces, constantly communicating their various properties, states and attributes – often through decentralised and devolved systems. Crucial system feedback is supplied by a wide range of users and occupants, often either by miniature electronic devices or mobile phones – crowdsourcing (like crowd-funding) large volumes of small data feeds to provide accurate and expansive real-time information. Personalisation replaces standardisation as spaces 'intelligently' recognise and respond to individual occupants. Representations of spaces become as vital after construction as they are before; real-time monitoring, feedback and ambient display become integral elements to the ongoing life of spaces and objects. Maintenance and operations become extended inseparable phases of the construction process; a building is never 'complete' in open-source architecture's world of growth and change.
If tomorrow's buildings and cities will be like 'computers to live in' (see also: smart city) open-source architecture provides an open, collaborative framework for writing their operating software in real world conditions reflecting the principles of the citizen-centered architecture movement, as well as, the mindful policy engagement field, namely, unique designs for unique contexts, reflecting individual users' values through value rational planning and engagement-based praxis.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'School of Urban and Public Affairs (SUPA) < University of Texas Arlington'. catalog.uta.edu.
- ^'Urban Science Institute-Mission'. www.earthnomad.com.
- ^'ARK tectonics Architecture | Urban Design | Urban Planning'. www.earthnomad.net.
- ^'Rise of the Citizen Practitioner: A Phronesis-Based Approach to Citizen Engagement and Social Policy: Basil Schaban-Maurer: 9783639704525'. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
- ^ abcSchaban-Maurer, Basil (July 10, 2013). 'The roles of the citizen practitioner in citizen engagement for architecture, urban design, and planning policy: A Phronesis-based approach' – via digitool.library.mcgill.ca.Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^'OS - OpenStructures'. openstructures.net.
Bibliography[edit]
- Various authors, Open Source Architecture, Domus 948 (June 2011)
- Sterling, B. 'Beyond the Beyond’ Blog on Wired Magazine
- Habraken, J. 1972, Supports – An Alternative to Mass Housing, London (The Architectural Press), ISBN978-1872811031
- Leadbeater, C. 2008, We-think: The Power of Mass Creativity, London (Profile Books), ISBN978-1861978929
- Botson, R. and Rogers, R. 2010, What's Mine is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, New York City (HarperCollins), ISBN978-0061963544
- P2P Urbanism, webpage at the P2P Foundation
- Salingaros, N. A. 2010, 'P2P Urbanism'
- Shepard, M. (editor), 2011, Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space, Boston (MIT Press), ISBN978-0262515863
- Price, C., Banham, R., Barker, P. and Hall, P., 1969, 'Non Plan: an experiment in freedom' in New Society (338)
- Kelly, K. 1994, Out of Control: the rise of neo-biological civilization, New York City (Perseus Books), ISBN978-0201483406
- Open Building Network – Working Commission W104 ‘Open Building Implementation’ of the CIB – The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (meets in a different country every year since its first meeting in Tokyo in 1994)
- Nettime mailing lists: mailing lists for networked cultures, politics, and tactics,
- Kaspori, D. 2003, ‘A Communism of Ideas: towards an architectural open source practice’ in Archis,
- Haque, U. 2003–05 Open Source Architecture Experiment,
- The University of Texas at Arlington, School of Urban and Public Affairs 'School of Urban and Public Affairs (SUPA) < University of Texas Arlington'
- Fuller, M. and Haque, U. 2008, ‘Urban Versioning System 1.0’ in Situated Technologies Pamphlet Series, New York City (Architectural League of New York)
- Kent Larson, Stephen Intille, T.J. McLeish, Jennifer Beaudin, and R.E. Williams, Open Source Building: Reinventing Places of Living, July 15, 2004.
- B. Schaban-Maurer, Rise of the Citizen Practitioner: A Phronesis-Based Approach to Citizen Engagement and Social Policy , December 27, 2013.
- B. Schaban-Maurer, The roles of the citizen practitioner in citizen engagement for architecture, urban design, and planning policy: A Phronesis-based approach , January 31, 2013.
- A github repository listing many resources on Open source architecture A directory of open source architecture resources: platforms, communities, projects...: sinsunsan/open-source-architecture
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Topic:Engineering/Free or open source design tools |
Wikiversity has learning resources about Open design |
Open Source Architecture Software Mac Pro
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